The Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences

Theoretical Evolution of Foreign Direct Investment Theory

2026-01-20T06:17:44+00:00

Scholars have attempted to understand the ability of firms to cross borders and invest in an overseas state, as opposed to other forms of globalisation. The evolution of Foreign Direct Investment theory reflects global realities of our time, moving from the simplistic early trade-based rationale to the highly sophisticated international investment mechanisms that incorporate ownership, location, and internalisation advantages. This paper seeks to consider the historical integration and progression of FDI theorists, more precisely, Classical and Neoclassical Trade Theories, the Monopolistic Advantage Theory, the Internalisation Theory, Dunning’s OLI Paradigm, Mathew’s LLL Model, and, more recently, the Institution and Network- Based approaches. To anchor the theory, perspectives on how FDI has been treated in advanced and developing economies are added. Over time, theorists from economics, business, and international finance have developed multiple frameworks to explain why firms engage in FDI, where they go, how much they invest, how they prefer to enter the market, and which sectors they seek. The development of FDI theory reflects the ever-evolving nature of global conditions, empirical observations, and conceptual breakthroughs. This paper presents a chronologically organised thematic account of how FDI theory has progressed, its significant contributions, limitations, and recent directions.

Relationship Between Tyrannical Leadership, Psychological Pain, Workplace Sabotage, and Self-Efficacy

2026-01-20T06:30:14+00:00

Tyrannical leaders exploit and persuade through terror and ultimatum or
seduce through individuality and charity. The current investigation aims to examine the association among tyrannical leadership, psychological pain, and workplace sabotage among employees. Also, explore the buffering impact of self-efficacy on this relationship. Data was gathered from 430 employees aged 25-60 years old, collected by using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using four reliable scales: the Abusive Leadership Questionnaire, the Mee-Bunney Psychological Pain Assessment Scale, the Sabotage Behavior Scale, and the New General Self-Efficacy Scale. Findings revealed that employees working under tyrannical leadership experience psychological pain and workplace sabotage. Self-efficacy acts as a moderator. Workers with high self-efficacy are more self-assured in their abilities and better equipped to cope with the stress imposed by tyrannical leaders. This study will help employees to develop and encourage self-efficacy instead of experiencing psychological pain and performing sabotage behavior.

Ideological Misrepresentation of Muslims in Bollywood Films: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Phantom

2026-01-20T06:36:51+00:00

The study examines the ideological representations of Muslims in the Bollywood film Phantom, employing Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of critical discourse analysis (CDA). The purpose of research is to explain how language and visual elements in film contribute to the representation of Muslims, often associating them with terrorism and extremism. Drawing on CDA, the study analyzes selected scenes from the film to identify patterns of prejudice, discrimination, and conceptual framing. Conclusions show that the film produces a significant story that reflects Muslims as violent, irrational, and inhuman. Through the CDA’s lens, it becomes clear that such representation not only shapes public perception but also strengthens the existing stereotypes. This research contributes to a broader understanding of how media play a crucial role in shaping ideological discourses.

Subjectivity and Authenticity: The Existential Perspective of Kierkegaard

2026-01-20T06:42:32+00:00

The philosophical movement of existentialism revolves around the meaning of individual existence. Existential philosophers focus on investigating the nature of human existence and what it means to be human by exploring the concepts of life’s meaning, freedom, responsibility, thrownness, anxiety, absurdity, subjectivity, and authenticity. Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and Sartre have extensively discussed the concept of the ‘authentic self’. They believed that authenticity involves being true to oneself and achieving self- realization. Kierkegaard asserted that the meaning of human existence lies in becoming oneself, a unique individual through personal choices and commitments. He emphasized subjective experience and a personal relationship with God over the authority of the church as an institution. This article aims to discuss Kierkegaard’s account of subjective experience and the authentic self. Furthermore, it explores how and why Kierkegaard justifies the discovery of truth for oneself without relying on objective realms or abstract reasoning.

Major Factors Behind the Decline of Traditional Farasi: Case of Bagheli Village District Badin, Sindh

2026-01-20T06:51:28+00:00

The culture of Sindh is known worldwide for its traditional textiles, which are integral of its identity. However, many of these crafts, including the traditional farasi craft of Bagheli village in Badin, are disappearing. While scholars have taken an interest in the unique character of the farasi craft in Bagheli, their analysis has often overlooked the decline of the craft and focused only on the materials and techniques of this craft. Therefore, this case study aims to examine in detail the challenges faced by traditional farasi makers in Bagheli village, Badin, and to identify appropriate solutions to their rejuvenation. The findings show that, in addition to common issues such as high prices and the labor-intensive production of these textiles, a significant challenge is the gap between product design and the design required by the international market. Due to a lack of access to larger markets, artisans are further struggling with a lack of modern equipment and an unawareness of contemporary design