Predictive Models for Uniaxial Compressive Strength of Dry and Saturated Marble: An Empirical Approach
Keywords:
Uniaxial compressive strength, Ultrasonic pulse velocity, correlation, saturation.Abstract
In this study, marble samples were collected from a quarry near the Karakoram Highway, and core samples were prepared for direct compressive strength, indirect strength, pulse velocity, and Schmidt hammer value testing. The study revealed a strong linear relationship between the point load index (PLI) and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) for both dry and saturated samples, demonstrating the predictive value of PLI, especially in dry conditions. However, it is important to note the reduced reliability of this relationship in saturated samples, which is likely due to factors such as pore water pressure. An exponential relationship was also observed between ultrasonic pulse velocity (Vp) and UCS, with most samples exhibiting lower Vp values than the typical marble average. This suggests variations in the subsurface structure of the marble and warrants further investigation to understand its mechanical implications. The linear correlation between the degree of weathering and Schmidt hammer readings offers a practical method for assessing weathering conditions. Grade I marble exhibited Schmidt hammer rebound values greater than 45, while values ranged between 35 and 45 for Grade II and were less than 35 for Grade III. The stress-strain curve revealed a decrease in peak stress (from 60 MPa to 32 MPa) with saturation. These results enhance the understanding of Ghulmet marble's mechanical behavior and its suitability for diverse applications, emphasizing the importance of considering varying conditions and characteristics in geotechnical assessments.
References
Abbas, N., 2022. The size correction and correlation of point load index with compressive strength of dimension stones from north Pakistan. Scientific Mining Journal, 61(4), 185-191. DOI:10.30797/madencilik.977231.
Abbas, N., Li, K. G., and Ali, R., 2022. Correlation of Schmidt Hammer Rebound Number and Point Load Index with Compressive Strength of Sedimentary, Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks. Journal of Mining Science, 58(6), 903-910. doi:10.1134/S1062739122060047.
Altindag, R., and Güney, A., 2006. ISRM suggested method for determining the Shore hardness value for rock. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 43(1), 19-22.
Aydin, S., 2008. An investigation on the language anxiety and fear of negative evaluation among Turkish EFL Learners. Asian EFL Journal, 30, 421-444.
Bilgin, N., Seyrek, T., Erding, E., and Shahriar, K., 1990. Roadheaders plean valuable tips for Istanbul metro. Tunnels and Tunnelling, 22(10), 29-32.
Eberhardt, E., 2009. The Complete ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 1974–2006, Resat Ulusay, John A. Hudson (Eds.). Commission on Testing Methods, International Society for Rock Mechanics. 628pp.
Gokceoglu, C., and Aksoy, H., 2000. New approaches to the characterization of clay- bearing, densely jointed and weak rock masses. Engineering Geology, 58(1), 1-23.
Goodman, R. E., 1989. Introduction to rock mechanics, Wiley New York.
Goudie, A.S., 2016. The Schmidt Hammer in geomorphological research. Progress in Physical Geography, 30(6), 703-718.
Han, J., Wang, Y., Wang, S., Yu, H., Rong, K., Zhang, W., Cai, H., An, G., Wang, H., Xue, L., and Zhou, J., 2017. Mode filling factor of a laser with end-pumped configuration. Journal of Laser Applications, 29, 031501. 10.2351/1.4990655.
Hatheway, A., 2009. The Complete ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring; 1974-2006. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience, 15, 47-48. 10.2113/gseegeosci.15.1.47.
Huang, S., and Yu, S., 2022. Effect of water saturation on the strength of sandstones: experimental investigation and statistical analysis. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 81(8), 323.
Kahraman, S., Bilgin, N., and Feridunoglu, C., 2003. Dominant rock properties affecting the penetration rate of percussive drills. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 40(5), 711-723.
Karakul, H., and Ulusay, R., 2013. Empirical correlations for predicting strength properties of rocks from P-wave velocity under different degrees of saturation. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 46(5), 981-999.
Karpuz, C., 1990. A classification system for excavation of surface coal measures. Mining Science and Technology, 11(2), 157-163.
Khan, N.M., Cao, K., Yuan, Q., Mohd Hashim, M.H.B., Rehman, H., Hussain, S., Emad, M.Z., Ullah, B., Shah, K.S., and Khan, S., 2022. Application of machine learning and multivariate statistics to predict uniaxial compressive strength and static Young' s modulus using physical properties under different thermal conditions. Sustainability, 14(16), 9901.
Kidybiński, A., 1968. Rebound number and the quality of mine roof strata. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences and Geomechanics Abstracts, Elsevier.
Masoumi, H., Horne, J., and Timms, W., 2017. Establishing empirical relationships for the effects of water content on the mechanical behavior of Gosford sandstone. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 50, 2235-2242.
Miller, R.P., 1965. Engineering classification and index properties for intact rock, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
Mishad, A., Mohd Hashim, M.H.B., Ibrahim, A., Lian, O.C., Zainal, A.H., and Raizamzamani, M., 2022. FEM on Short- Term Chloride Penetration on Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Strengthened to RC Beam, Green Materials and Electronic Packaging Interconnect Technology Symposium, Springer Nature Singapore Publisher, 233-246.
Pasamehmetoglu, A.G., Karpuz, C., and Irfan, T.Y., 1981. The Weathering Characteristics of Ankara Andesites from the Rock Mechanics Point of View. Paper presented at the ISRM International Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, September 1981.
Shah, K.S., Abbas, N., Kegang, L., Mohd Hashim, M. H. B., Rehman, H.U., and Jadoon, K.G., 2023. Analysis of Granite Failure Modes and Energy Conversion Under Uniaxial Compression at Various Temperatures. Journal of Mining and Environment, 14(2), 493-506.
Shah, K.S., Mohd Hashim, M.H.B., Rehman H. U., and Ariffin, K. S. B., 2021. Application of stochastic simulation in assessing effect of particle morphology on fracture characteristics of sandstone. Journal of Mining and Environment, 12(4), 969-986.
Shah, K.S., Mohd Hashim, M.H.B., Rehman, H., and Ariffin, K.S.B., 2023. Loading rate-induced failure characteristics and fracture classification of various weathering grade sandstone. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 16(6), 384.
Shah, K.S., Mohd Hashim, M.H.B., Rehman, H. U., and Ariffin, K. S. B., 2022 . Evaluating microscale failure response of various weathering grade sandstones based on micro-scale observation and micro-structural modelling subjected to wet and dry cycles. Journal of Mining and Environment, 13(2), 341-355.
Ulusay, R., 2015. The ISRM Suggested Methods for Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring: 2007-2014.
Yagiz, S., 2009 . Predicting uniaxial compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and index properties of rocks using the Schmidt hammer. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 68(1), 55-63.
Yilmaz, S., Eryilmaz, A., and Geban, O., 2006. Assessing the Impact of Bridging Analogies in Mechanics. School Science and Mathematics, 106, 220-230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1949-8594.2006.tb17911.x
Yin, J.-H., Wong, R.H., Chau, K.T., Lai, D.T., and Zhao, G.-S., 2017. Point load strength index of granitic irregular lumps: Size correction and correlation with uniaxial compressive strength. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 70, 388- 399.
Young, R., and Fowell, R., 1978. Assessing rock discontinuities. Tunnels and Tunnelling International, 10(5), 45-48.
