Discharge Characteristics and Suspended Load from Rivers of Northern Indus Basin, Pakistan
Abstract
An overview of the discharge and sediment load Of eight important rivers of North West Frontier Province is presented with a view to analyse the available surface water resource potential of this region most of which is originated from the northern Indus basin. The amount of total suspended solids being very high in most of the rivers have resulted in rapid silting and subsequent loss in the storage capacity of the existing reservoirs and it is time that priority is given to the construction of new dams.
References
Arain, R., 1987. Persisting trend in carbon and mineral transport monitoring of the Indus River. In: Transport of carbon and mineral in major world rivers. Pt-4,(eds. E.T. Degens, S. Kempe & Gan Wei-Bin), Mitt. Geol. Palaont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, SCOPE/UNEP Sonderband. 64.
Arain R. & Khuhawar, M. Y., 1982. Carbon Transport in the Indus River: Preliminary results. In: Transport of carbon and mineral in major world rivers. Pt-4,(eds. E.T. Degens, S. Kempe & Gan Wei-Bin), Mitt. Geol. Palaeont. Inst. Univ. Hamburg, SCOPE/UNEP Sonderband, 52, 449-456 PS.
Bell. W. W., Parmley, L. J., walk, H. & Afzal, H., 1994. Inflow forecasting for Pakistan's major reservoirs. International Water Power & Dam Construction, Reed Business Publication, Surrey, U.K., 46(9), 21-26.
Collins, D. N., 1988. Meltwater characteristics as indicators of glacier and hydrological processes beneath large valley glaciers in the Karakoram. Symposium on the Neogene of the Karakoram and Himalaya. Dept. Geog., Univ. Liecester.
Derbyshire, E., 1984. Sedimentological analysis of glacial and pro-glacial debris: a framework for the study of the Karakoram glaciers. In: The International Karakoram Project (Miller, K.J., ed.), Camb Univ. Press, 1, 347-364.
Dijk, I. A. Van, & Hussain, M. H., 1994. Environmental profile of NWFP, Pakistan. Netherland Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 80pp.
Ferguson, R. I., 1984. Sediment load of the Hunza River. In: The International Karakoram Project (Miller, K.J., ed.), Camb. Univ. Press, 2, 580-598.
Ferguson, R. I., Collins, D. N. & Whalley, W. B., 1984. Techniques for investigating meltwater runoff and erosion. In: The International Karakoram Project (Miller, K.J., ed.), Camb. Univ. Press, 1, 374-382.
Gibbs, R. J., 1981. Sites of the river-derived sedimentation in the ocean. Geology, 9, 77-80.
Goudie, A. S., Jones, D. K. C. & Brunsden, D., 1984a. Recent fluctuations in some glaciers of the western Karakoram mountains, Pakistan. In: The International Karakoram Project (Miller, K.J., ed.), Camb. Univ. Press, 2, 411-455.
Goudie, A. S., Brunsden, D, Collins, D. N., Derbyshire, E., Ferguson, R. L, Hashmat, Z, Jones, D. K. C., Perrott, F. A, said, M., Waters, R. S. & Whalley, W. B., 1984b. The geomorphology of the Hunza valley, Karakoram mountains, Pakistan. In: The Int. Karakoram Project (Miller, K.J., ed.), Camb Univ. Press, 2, 359-410.
Hewitt, K., 1993. Altitudnal organization of Karakoram - geomorphic processes and depositional environments. In: Himalayas to the Sea: geology, geomorphology and the Quaternary (Shroder, J.F. ed.), Routledge, London, 159-183.
Holmes, J. A., 1993. Present and past patterns of glaciation ill the northwest Himalaya: climatic, tectonic and topographic controls. In: Himalayas to the Sea: geology, geomorphology & the Quaternary (Shroder, J.F. ed.), Routledge, London, 7290.
Hussain, H., 1995. A study of sediment transport in Gomal River of D.I. Khan. Unpub. Thesis, Dept. Civil Eng. NWFP Univ. Engg. & Tech. Peshawar, 109pp.
IUCN, 1994. Pollution and the Kabul river: an analysis and action plan. Int. Union for the Conservation of Nature, Pakistan and Dept. of EPM, Univ. Peshawar, 109pp.
Khan, F. K., 1991. The Geography of Pakistan. Oxford Press, 245pp.
Khan, M. A., Tahirkheli, T. & Abbassi, I. A., 1995. Himalayan and global climatic changes. Proc. Nat. Symp., "Geological Hazards: Prediction, Mitigation & Control", Univ. Peshawar, 101-118.
Kruseman, G. P. & Naqvi, S. A. H., 1988. Hydrology and groundwater resources of NWFP, Pakistan. WAPDA, Hydrology Directorate, Peshawar, 199pp.
Maddok, 1969. Task committee on preparation of sedimentation manual, Committee on Sedimentation of Hydraulic Division, Sediment Measurement techniques; a fluvial sediment proceedings of Hydraulic division, ASCE, HYS, no. 6756, 1477-1514.
Mayewski, P. A., Pergent, G. P., Jeschek, P. A. & Ahmed, N., 1980. Himalayan and Trans-Himalayan glacier fluctuations and the southern Asian monsoon records. Arctic & Alpine Res., 12(2), 171-182.
Milliman, J. D., Quraishee, G. S. & Beg, M. A. A., 1984. Sediment discharge from the Indus River to the ocean: Past, present and future. Marine Geology and Oceanography of the Arabian Sea and coastal Pakistan. Van Nostrand Reinhold co. & N.I.O. Kar., 65-70.
Qureshi, G. S., 1992. Oceanic processes and resources. SAHIL. National Institute of Oceanography, Karachi, 1-10.
Sabir, M. A., 1996. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the suspended sediment from rivers of NWFP. Unpub. M.Phil, thesis, NCE in Geol. Univ. of Pesh., 88pp.
Saeed, S., 1998. Kala Bagh Dam Project. Water resource management and irrigation. National Development and Security, 7(1), 59-72.
Searle, M. P. & Khan, M.A., 1996. Geological map of the north Pakistan an adjacent area of northern Ladakh and western Tibbet. Scale 1: 650,000.
Spencer, D. A, Ghazanfar M. & Chaudhry, M.N., 1991. The Higher Himalaya crystalline unit, upper Kaghan valley, NW Himalaya, Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 24, 109-125.
Tamburi, A. J., 1974. Geology and the water resources of the Indus plains. Unpub. Ph.D, dissertation, Colorado State Univ. Fort Collins.
Wake, C. P., 1987. Snow accumulation studies in the central Karakoram, Pakistan. Proc. Eastern Snow Conf. 44th Annual Meeting, Fredriction, NB, 19-33.
WAPDA. 22 Annual reports of "River and climatological data of Pakistan" covering the period 1970-1991. Vol. I. Water & Power Development Authority. Hydrology & System Analysis Organization, SWHP, Lahore.
WAPDA, 1994. Surface water availability for further development. Water & Power Development Authority, Lahore.
WAPDA, 1997a. Sediment appraisal of Pakistan rivers 1961-1990. Surface Water Hydrology Project, Pub. No. 38, Water & Power Development Authority, Lahore.
WAPDA, 1997b. Tarbela dam Project Annual Performance Report: Operation, Maintenance & Monitoring Organization. Pub. No. 154, Water & Power Development Authority, Tarbela Dam, Distt. Haripur, Pakistan.
