Seasonal characterization and potential human health risk of heavy metals contamination in sediments of the River Jindi, Pakistan
Keywords:
River Jindi, Heavy metals, Sediment, Water quality, PollutionAbstract
In this study, the sediments of River Jindi (Pakistan) were sampled in summer and winter to explore heavy metals contamination (i.e. Fe, Cr, Ni, Zn, Co, Cu, Pb and Cd) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results show that the Fe and Ni concentration was beyond the allowable limits of USEPA (2005). Water physicochemical parameters of both season showed that the concentrations of NO3, total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) surpass the allowable levels set by the National Environmental Quality Standard and/or World Health Organization. Potential ecological risk, geo- accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor and contamination factor demonstrated high metals contamination in sediments and were moderately polluted with Cd and Ni. Principle component analysis indicated that in both seasons heavy metals contamination occurred through similar sources. Strong correlations (p<0.05) among heavy metals and water physicochemical parameters showed that in both seasons, physicochemical parameters played a key role in metal retention and accumulation.
References
Akoto, O., Bismark Eshun, F., Darko, G., Adei, E., 2014. Concentrations and health risk assessments of heavy metals in fish from the Fosu Lagoon. International Journal of Environmental Research, 8(2), 403-410.
Alahabadi, A., Malvandi, H., 2018. Contamination and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals and metalloids in surface sediments of the Tajan River, Iran. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 133, 741-749.
Allen, S. E., Grimshaw, H. M., Parkinson, J. A., Quarmby, C., 1989. Analysis of Ecological Materials. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
APHA, American Public Health Association, 1992. Washington DC, USA.
Atgin, R.S., El-Agha, O., Zararsız, A., Kocataş, A., Parlak, H., Tuncel, G., 2000. Investigation of the sediment pollution in Izmir Bay: trace elements. Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 55, 1151-1164.
Aubert, H., Pinta, M., 1977. Trace Elements in Soils, 399. Amsterdam: Elsevier Scientific Publications.
Bandara, J. M. R. S., Senevirathna, D. M. A. N., Dasanayake, D. M. R. S. B., Herath, V., Bandara, J. M. R. P., Abeysekara, T., Rajapaksha, K. H., 2008. Chronic renal failure among farm families in cascade irrigation systems in Sri Lanka associated with elevated dietary cadmium levels in rice and freshwater fish (Tilapia). Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 30(5), 465-478.
Bing, H., Wu, Y., Zhou, J., Sun, H., Wang, X., Zhu, H., 2019. Spatial variation of heavy metal contamination in the riparian sediments after two-year flow regulation in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Science of the Total Environment, 649, 1004-1016.
Chen, H., Teng, Y., Lu, S., Wang, Y., Wang, J., 2015. Contamination features and health risk of soil heavy metals in China. Science of the Total Environment, 512, 143-153.
Chen, L., Jin, T., Huang, B., Nordberg, G., Nordberg, M., 2006. Critical exposure level of cadmium for elevated urinary metallothionein-an occupational population study in China. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 215(1), 93-99.
Chowdhury, M. J., Pane, E. F., Wood, C. M., 2004. Physiological effects of dietary cadmium acclimation and waterborne cadmium challenge in rainbow trout: respiratory, ionoregulatory, and stress parameters. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 139(1-3), 163-173.
Demırezen, D., Aksoy, A., 2004. Accumulation of heavy metals in Typhaangustifolia (L.) and Potamogetonpectinatus (L.) living in Sultan Marsh (Kayseri, Turkey). Chemosphere 56(7), 685-696.
Dojlido, J., Best, G. A., 1993. Chemistry of water and water pollution. Ellis Horwood Limited. Greenberg, E., Clesceri, L. S., 1992. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC, 26-35.
El-Naggar, S., Liu, Y., Dean, D. C., 2009. Mutation of the Rb1 pathway leads to over expression of mTor, constitutive phosphorylation of Akt on serine 473, resistance to anoikis, and a block in cRaf activation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 29(21), 5710-5717.
Gao, X., Chen, S., Long, A., 2008. Chemical speciation of 12 metals in surface sediments from the northern South China Sea under natural grain size. Marine pollution bulletin, 56(4), 786.
Hakanson, L., 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach. Water research, 14(8), 975-1001.
Hanemann, W. M., 2006. The economic conception of water. Water Crisis: myth or reality, 61, 74-76.
Huang, X., 2003. Iron overload and its association with cancer risk in humans: evidence for iron as a carcinogenic metal. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 533(1-2), 153-171.
Hussain, R., Khattak, S. A., Shah, M. T., Ali, L., 2015. Multistatistical approaches for environmental geochemical assessment of pollutants in soils of Gadoon Amazai Industrial Estate, Pakistan. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 15(5), 1119-1129.
HuuHieu, H., Swennen, R., Van Damme, A., 2002. Distribution and contamination status of heavy metals in estuarine sediments near Cua Ong harbor, Ha Long Bay, Vietnam. Geologica Belgica, 2010, 37–47.
Rehman, U. I., Ishaq, M., Ali, L., Khan, S., Ahmad, I., Din, U. I., Ullah, H., 2018. Enrichment, spatial distribution of potential ecological and human health risk assessment via toxic metals in soil and surface water ingestion in the vicinity of Sewakht mines, district Chitral, Northern Pakistan. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 154, 127-136.
Kang, M., Tian, Y., Peng, S., Wang, M., 2019. Effect of dissolved oxygen and nutrient levels on heavy metal contents and fractions in river surface sediments. Science of the total environment, 648, 861-870.
Lemly, A. D., 1993. Guidelines for evaluating selenium data from aquatic monitoring and assessment studies. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 28(1), 83- 100.
Liu, M., Chen, J., Sun, X., Hu, Z., Fan, D., 2019. Accumulation and transformation of heavy metals in surface sediments from the Yangtze River estuary to the East China Sea shelf. Environmental pollution, 245, 111-121.
Ma, X., Zuo, H., Tian, M., Zhang, L., Meng, J., Zhou, X., 2016. Assessment of heavy metals contamination in sediments from three adjacent regions of the Yellow River using metal chemical fractions and multi variate analysis techniques. Chemosphere, 144, 264-272.
Malvandi, H., 2017. Preliminary evaluation of heavy metal contamination in the Zarrin Gol River sediments, Iran. Marine pollution bulletin, 117(1-2), 547-553.
Martin, J. H., Knauer, G. A., 1973. The elemental composition of plankton. Geochimicaet Cosmochimica Acta, 37(7), 1639-1653.
Muller, G., 1969. Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geojournal, 2(3), 108-118.
Nazeer, S., Hashmi, M. Z., Malik, R. N., 2014. Heavy metals distribution, risk assessment and water quality characterization by water quality index of the River Soan, Pakistan. Ecological indicators, 43, 262-270.
Peavey, H. S., Rowe, D. R., Tchobanoglous, G., 1985. Environmental Engineering. McGraw-hill book company, New York.
Rompala, J. M., Rutosky, F. W., Putnam, D. J., 1984. Concentrations of environmental contaminants from selected waters in Pennsylvania. US Fish and Wildlife Service report. State College, Pennsylvania, 102. US Fish and Wildlife Service Report, State College, PA.
Ross, S. M., 1994. Sources and forms of potentially toxic metals in soil-plant systems. Toxic metals in soil-plant systems, 3-25.
Rumisha, C., Elskens, M., Leermakers, M., Kochzius, M., 2012. Trace metal pollution and its influence on the community structure of soft bottom molluscs in intertidal areas of the Dar es Salaam coast, Tanzania. Marine pollution bulletin, 64(3), 521-531.
Saher, N. U., Siddiqui, A. S., 2019. Occurrence of heavy metals in sediment and their bioaccumulation in sentinel crab (Macrophthalmus depressus) from highly impacted coastal zone. Chemosphere, 221, 89-98.
Sakan, S. M., Đorđević, D. S., Manojlović, D. D., Predrag, P. S., 2009. Assessment of heavy metal pollutants accumulation in the Tisza river sediments. Journal of environmental management, 90(11), 3382-3390.
Singh, H., Pandey, R., Singh, S. K., Shukla, D. N., 2017. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in the sediment of the River Ghaghara, a major tributary of the River Ganga in Northern India. Applied Water Science, 7(7), 4133-4149.
Smith, E., Weber, J., Naidu, R., McLaren, R. G., Juhasz, A. L., 2011. Assessment of lead bioaccessibility in peri-urban contaminated soils. Journal of hazardous materials, 186(1), 300-305.
Soliman, N. F., Nasr, S. M., Okbah, M. A., 2015. Potential ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments from the Mediterranean coast, Egypt. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 13(1), 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40201-015-0223-x.
Sorensen, E. M., 1991. Metal poisoning in fish. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Trivedi, P, R., Raj, G., 1992. Environmental Water and Soil Analysis. 1st ed. Akash deep publishing house, New Delhi, India.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Process for Designing and Conducting Ecological Risk Assessments. Edison, NJ: Environmental Response Team.
USEPA., 1999. National recommended water quality criteria-correction-United State Environmental Protection Agency EPA 822-Z99-001, (http://www.epa.gov./ostwater/pci/revco m), pp 25.
Varol, M., 2011. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediments of the Tigris River (Turkey) using pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 195, 355-364.
Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E., Debán, L., 1998. Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis. Water research, 32(12), 3581-3592.
Wang, Y., Yang, L., Kong, L., Liu, E., Wang, L., Zhu, J., 2015. Spatial distribution, ecological risk assessment and source identification for heavy metals in surface sediments from Dong ping Lake, Shandong, East China. Catena, 125, 200- 205.
Wei, B., Yang, L., 2010. A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Microchemical Journal, 94(2), 99-107.
World Health Organization., 2002. Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2002 Report. WHO and UN Children's Fund, New York.
Yang, X., Wu, P., Yin, A., Zhang, H., Zhang, M., Gao, C., 2017. Distribution and source analysis of heavy metals in soils and sediments of Yueqing Bay basin, East China Sea. Marine pollution bulletin, 115(1-2), 489-497.
Zahra, A., Hashmi, M. Z., Malik, R. N., Ahmed, Z., 2014. Enrichment and geo-accumulation of heavy metals and risk assessment of sediments of the Kurang Nallah-feeding tributary of the Rawal Lake Reservoir, Pakistan. Science of the Total Environment, 470, 925-933.
Zhang, C., Yu, Z.G., Zeng, G.M., Jiang, M., Yang, Z.Z., Cui, F., 2014. Effects of sediment geochemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability. Environment international, 73, 270-281.
Zhang, L., Shi, Z., Zhang, J., Jiang, Z., Wang, F., Huang, X., 2016. Toxic heavy metals in sediments, seawater, and molluscs in the eastern and western coastal waters of Guangdong Province, South China. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 188(5), 313.
