Diagenetic studies of the Cretaceous turbidities, Sulaiman Range, Pakistan: Implications for reservoir quality
Keywords:
Diagenesis, Reservoir, Mughal Kot Formation, Sulaiman Range, PakistanAbstract
The composite carbonates-clastic succession of the Mughal Kot Formation exposed in Mughal Kot Section, Sulaiman Range is studied in detail in the context of diagenesis and reservoir quality. Both carbonates and clastic rocks have been altered by diagenetic processes in their respective diagenetic environments. The diagenetic processes, noticed in carbonates of the Mughal Kot Formation, includes micritization, dolomitization, iron cementation, cementation (isopach), mechanical compaction, chemical compaction (stylolitization) and fracturing (but most are filled). Similarly, the sandstone of the Mughal Kot Formation exhibit reservoir heterogeneity based on the diagenetic features and overall rock fabric. The sandstones are modified by mechanical compaction, cementation (quartz overgrowth, calcite, dolomite and iron minerals). Such diagenetic alterations control the reservoir properties and quality. In the light of present study, carbonates as well as clastics of the Mughal Kot Formation are poor quality reservoir rocks.
References
Anwar, A., Fatmi, A., Hyderi, I., 1991. Revised nomenclature and stratigraphy of Ferozabad, Alozai and Mona Jhal Groups of Balochistan (Axial Belt), Pakistan. Acta Minerologica Pakistanica, 5, 46-61.
Awais, M., Hanif, M., Khan, M. Y., Jan, I. U., Ishaq, M., 2018. Relating petrophysical parameters to petrographic interpretations in carbonates of the Chorgali Formation, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. Carbonates and Evaporites. Pp 1-15. DOI:10.1007/s13146-017-0414-x)
Badiozamani, K., 1973. The Dorag dolomitization model--application to the Middle Ordovician of Wisconsin. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 43(4).
Bathurst, R., 1966. Boring algae, micrite envelopes and lithification of molluscan biosparites. Geological Journal, 5(1), 15-32.
Chilingar, G. V., Terry, R., 1954. Relationship between porosity and chemical composition of carbonate rocks. Petroleum Engineer, 26(10), B53-B54.
Dorreen, J., 1974. The western Gaj river section, Pakistan, and the Cretaceous- Tertiary boundary. Micropaleontology, 178-193.
Flügel, E., 2004. Microfacies Data: Fabrics Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks. Springer, 177-242
Haq, B.S., Davis, M.D., 2010. Oblique convergence and the lobate mountain belts of western Pakistan. The Geological society of America.
Hassan, H. M., 2007. Stylolite effect on geochemistry, porosity and permeability: comparison between a limestone and a dolomite sample from Khuff-B reservoir in Eastern Saudi Arabia. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Section B: Engineering 32(2A), 139-148
Heckel, P. H., 1982. Diagenetic Model for Carbonate Rocks in Mid-Continent Pennsylvanian Eustatic Cyclothems. AAPG Bulletin, 66(5), 580-580.
Hedley, R., Warburton, J., Smewing, J., 2001. Sequence stratigraphy and tectonics in the Kirthar Fold Belt, Pakistan. Geology and climate of the Arabian Sea region.
Kazmi, A. H., Rana, R. A., 1982. Tectonic map of Pakistan, scale 1:2000000, 1st edition, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta.
Khan, A., Kelling, G., Umar, M., Kassi, A., 2002. Depositional environments and reservoir assessment of Late Cretaceous sandstones in the south central Kirthar foldbelt, Pakistan. Journal of Petroleum Geology, 25(4), 373-406.
Khan, S., Wadood, B., Ahmed, S., Khan, A., Ahmed, F., Khan, H., 2017. Evaluating paleoceanographic and planktonic foraminiferal diversification from the Cretaceous Mughal Kot Formation, Mughal Kot Section, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Science, 50(2).
Krenmayr, H. G., 1996. Hemipelagic and turbiditic mudstone facies associations in the Upper Cretaceous Gosau Group of the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria). Sedimentary Geology, 101(3-4), 149-172.
La Touche, T. D., 1893. Geology of the Sherani Hills. Indian Geological Survey Recordings, 26 (3), 77-96.
Loucks, R. G., Reed, R. M., Ruppel, S. C., Hammes, U., 2012. Spectrum of pore types and networks in mudrocks and a descriptive classification for matrix- related mudrock pores. American Association of Petroleum Geologist, bulletin, 96(6), 1071-1098.
Malkani, M. S., 2010. Updated stratigraphy and Mineral Potential of Sulaiman Basin, Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal-SURJ (Science Series), 42(2).
Marks, P., 1962. Variation and Evolution in Orbitoides from the Cretaceous of Rakhi Nala, West Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Punjab Univ, 2, 15-29.
Mazzullo, S., 2004. Overview of porosity evolution in carbonate reservoirs. Kansas Geological Society Bulletin, 79(1/2), 20-28.
Motyka, J., 1998. A conceptual model of hydraulic networks in carbonate rocks, illustrated by examples from Poland. Hydrogeology Journal, 6(4), 469-482.
Pettingill, H. S., Weimer, P., 2002. Worlwide deepwater exploration and production: Past, present, and future. The Leading Edge, 21(4), 371-376.
Selley, R. C., 2000. Applied Sedimentology. Second edition, 368: Academic Press.
Shah, S., 1977. Stratigraphy of Pakistan: Geological Survey of Pakistan Memoir, 12.
Shah, S.M.I., 2009. Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Memoir of the Geological Survey of Pakistan, 22, 1-381.
Shanmugam, G., 1985. Types of porosity in sandstones and their significance in interpreting provenance Provenance of arenites, Springer, 115-137
Smewing, J. D., Warburton, J., Daley, T., Copestake, P., Ul-Haq, N., 2002. Sequence stratigraphy of the southern Kirthar fold belt and middle Indus basin, Pakistan. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 195(1), 273-299.
Stow, D., 1994. Deep sea processes of sediment transport and deposition. Sediment transport and depositional processes, 257-291.
Taghavi, A. A., Mørk, A., Emadi, M. A., 2006. Sequence stratigraphically controlled diagenesis governs reservoir quality in the carbonate Dehluran Field, southwest Iran. Petroleum Geoscience, 12(2), 115-126.
Tucker, M. E., Wright, V. P., 2009. Carbonate sedimentology: John Wiley & Sons.
Umar, M., Friis, H., Khan, A. S., Kassi, A. M., Kasi, A. K., 2011. The effects of diagenesis on the reservoir characters in sandstones of the Late Cretaceous Pab Formation, Kirthar Fold Belt, southern Pakistan. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 40(2), 622-635.
Williams, M. D., 1959. Stratigraphy of the Lower Indus Basin, West Pakistan. Paper presented at the 5th World Petroleum Congress.
Wilson, M.D., Stanton, P.T., 1994. Diagenetic mechanisms of porosity and permeability reduction and enhancement.
