Tectonic Subdivision of Granitic Rocks of North Pakistan
Abstract
The granitic rocks of north Pakistan can be divided into five types the basis of available radiometric, petrographic, geochemical, tectonic and geographic data. The granitic gneisses in the Nanga Parbat, Mansehra, and Swat areas are Late Precambrian(?) to Cambrian, S-type and possibly related to the Pan-African orogeny. The peralkaline to alkaline granits of Tarbela, Shewa-Shahbazgarhi, Ambela, Malakand proper, and Warsak were originrted in extensional environments (rift/graben-related) during Eocene (50 to 40 m.y. ago). Dominantly calc-alkaline, Creto-Tertiary granitic rocks constitute three, several hundred-kilometer-long belts in the Himalaya Karakoram-Hindukush region. The Khunjerab-Tirich Mir belt is the oldest (~115 to 86 m.y.) of the three and produced in continental margin environment in response to the subduction of the Paleotethys during the Cretaceous. Radiometric ages in the Karakoram granitic belt (continental margin) range from 63 to 5 m.y. whilst those in the Ladakh-Kohistan granitic belt (continental margin or island arc) from 63 to 19 m.y. It is possible that both these belts are a product of simultaneous subduction along the MMT and (?)MKT. It is likely that the more basic plutons in these two belts were produced by the partial melting of a predominantly oceanic crust, whilst in the rest of the rocks of the two belts both oceanic and continental crust contributed to the magma formation.
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