Evidence of Multiple Deformation in the Rocks of Karakar Pass Area, Swat, NWFP Pakistan
Abstract
Lithologically the Karakar Pass area is divided into Swat granitic rocks, Alpurai schists, and Nikanai Ghar Marbles. These rock units have undergone at least three different phases of deformation (Dl, D2, and D3).
D1 produced a pervasive regional foliation S1, mineral lineation L1, and tight to isoclinal, NW-SE oriented F1 folds. S1 is generally parallel to original layering (So) and axial-plane to F1 folds. D2 folded S1 into open, upright F2 folds, with north-south axes, it locally caused the development of an S2 crenulation cleavage. D3 resulted into small to large scale, east-west oriented, cross folds (F3).
In the Karakar Pass area the Swat granitic rocks and the Alpurai schists from the hinge and the southern limb of the east-west oriented large recumbent F3 fold. To the south, the Nikanai Ghar Marbles are interpreted to form a large fault-and-fold nappe, berein named as the Nikanai Ghar Nappe".
References
Ahmad, I., 1986. Geology of Jowar area, Rarakar Pass, Swat district, N.WS.P.) Pakistan. Unpubl. M. Phil. Thesis, NCE in Geol. Univ. Peshawar.
Ahmad, I., Rosenburg, P.S., Lawrence, R.D., Ghauri, A.A.K. & Majid. M., 1987. Lithostratigraphy of the Karakar Pass section, south of the Main Mantle Thrust, Swat, N.W. Pakistan (this volume).
Gansser, A., 1980. The significance of the Himalayan suture zone. Tectonophysics 62, 37-52.
Kazmi, A.H., Lawrence, R.D., Dawood, H., Snee, L.W., & Hussain, S.S., 1984. Geology of the Indus Suture Zone in the Mingora-Shangla area, Swat, Northern Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, 17, 127-143.
King, B.H., 1961. A new fossil locality in Swat, West Pakistan. Geol. Bull. Univ. Punjab 1, 65.
Lawrence, R.D., Kazmi, A.H. & Snee L.W. (In prep.). Geological setting of the Emerald deposits.
Le Fort, P., 1975. Himalayas: The collided range. Present knowledge of the continental arc. Am. J. Sci. 275-A, 1-44.
Martin, N.R., Siddiqui, S.F.A., & King, B.H., 1962. A geological reconnaissance of the region between the Lower Swat and Indus River of Pakistan. Geol. Bull Uni. Punjab 2, 1-13.
Powell, C.McA. & Conaghan, J.P., 1973. Plate tectonics and the Himalayas. Earth Planet. Sci. Letters, 20, 1-12.
Rosenberg, P.S., 1985. Himalayan deformation and metamorphism of rocks south of the Mantle Thrust in southern Swat, Pakistan. Unpubl. M.S. Thesis, Oregon State Univ., USA.
Tahirkheli, R.A.K., Mattauer, M., Proust, F. & Tapponnier, P., 1979. The India-Eurasia suture zone in northern Pakistan: Some new data for an interpretation at plate scale. In: Farah, A., and DeJong, K.A., eds. Geodynamics of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, 125-130.
