Physiochemical, Bacteriological and Heavy Metals Assessment of Groundwater Quality Near Solid Waste Dumping Site
Keywords:
Investigation, Impacts, Fecal Contamination, Negative effectsAbstract
This study has investigated the impact of dumping sites on groundwater quality in Hazar Khwani, Peshawar, Pakistan. Twelve water samples were randomly selected, with four reference samples collected far from the dumping site and eight representative samples taken within a one-kilometer vicinity. These samples were analyzed for physiochemical parameters and fecal contamination. The results showed that mean values for pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness (TH), chloride (Cl), and total alkalinity (TA) are from 6.13 to 6.83, 657.92 to 2392.2 mg/L, 696.91 to 2658 µS/cm, 394 mg/L to 1030 mg/L, 32 to 573 mg/L and 318 to 716 mg/L respectively. The mean concentrations of heavy metals for zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni) were from 0 to 0.018 mg/L, 0.01 to 0.087 mg/L, 0.04 to 0.142 mg/L, 0 to 0.08 mg/L, and 0.02 to 0.09 mg/L, respectively. Total and fecal coliform contamination was found in 7 out of 12 water samples. The analysis revealed negative correlations between distance and TDS, EC, chloride, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Ni, with particularly strong negative correlations observed for Cd, Cu, and Cr. Depth was negatively correlated with pH, TH, TA, Cu, and Zn, but positively with TDS, EC, chloride, Cd, and Ni. Strong positive correlations were found among TDS, EC, TH, and chloride, and between Cd-Cu, Cd-Cr, and Cu-Cr. Negative correlations were seen for Cd-Ni, Cu-Ni, Cr-Zn, and Zn-Ni. The samples that surpassed the Pak-NEQS and WHO limits had 75% TDS, 58% TA, 8% Cl, 42% TA, 92% EC, 67% Cd, 67% Ni, 83% Cr, and 58% bacteriological contamination. To reduce any negative effects, waste disposal should be properly monitored.
References
Abbas, T. S., Ullah, M. F., & Riaz, O. (2018). Impact of municipal solid waste on groundwater quality in Jhang City, Punjab, Pakistan. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 12, 134–141.
Abbas, Z., Imran, M., Natasha, N., Murtaza, B., Amjad, M., Shah, N. S., Khan, Z. U. H., Ahmad, I., Ahmad, S. (2021). Distribution and health risk assessment of trace elements in ground/surface water of Kot Addu, Punjab, Pakistan: A multivariate analysis. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-021-09150-7
Abd El-Salam, M. M., & Abu-Zuid, G. I. (2015). Impact of landfill leachate on the groundwater quality: A case study in Egypt. Journal of Advanced Research, 6, 579–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2014.02.003
Abiriga, D., Vestgarden, L. S., & Klempe, H. (2020). Groundwater contamination from a municipal landfill: Effect of age, landfill closure, and season on groundwater chemistry. Science of the Total Environment, 737, 140307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140307
Ahmad, T., Nazar, S., Ahmad, K., Khan, Z. I., Bashir, H., Ashfaq, A., Munir, M., Munir, Z., Hussain, K., Alkahtani, J., Elshikh, M. S., Nadeem, M., & Malik, I. S. (2021). Monitoring of copper accumulation in water, soil, forage, and cows impacted by heavy automobiles in Sargodha, Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 29110–29116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12770-8
Akbar, T. A., Javed, A., Ullah, S., Ullah, W., Pervez, A., Akbar, R. A., Javed, M. F., Mohamed, A., & Mohamed, A. M. (2022). Principal component analysis (PCA)–Geographic information system (GIS) modeling for groundwater and associated health risks in Abbottabad, Pakistan. Sustainability, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142114572
American Public Health Association (APHA). (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (22nd ed.). American Public Health Association.
Bacha, A. A., Durrani, M. I., & Paracha, P. I. (2010). Physical and bacteriological characteristics of drinking water of Peshawar, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 9, 1028–1033. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2010.1028.1033
Fida, M., Li, P., Wang, Y., Alam, S. M. K., & Nsabimana, A. (2023). Water contamination and human health risks in Pakistan: A review. Exposure and Health, 15, 619–639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-022-00512-1
Gupta, P. K., & Sharma, D. (2019). Assessment of hydrological and hydrochemical vulnerability of groundwater in the semi-arid region of Rajasthan, India. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 5, 847–861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-018-0260-6
Hredoy, R. H., Siddique, M. A. B., Akbor, M. A., Shaikh, M. A. A., & Rahman, M. M. (2022). Impacts of landfill leachate on the surrounding environment: A case study on Amin Bazar landfill, Dhaka (Bangladesh). Soil Systems, 6(4), 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems6040090
Kamboj, N., & Choudhary, M. (2013). Impact of solid waste disposal on groundwater quality near the Gazipur dumping site, Delhi, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 5(2), 306–312.
Khwaja, M. A., Aslam, A., & World Health Organization. (2015). Drinking water contamination and emergency water supply strategies. Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI). http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/1304.7361.2015.48753
Lindamulla, L., Nanayakkara, N., Othman, M., Jinadasa, S., Herath, G., & Jegatheesan, V. (2022). Municipal solid waste landfill leachate characteristics and their treatment options in tropical countries. Current Pollution Reports, 8, 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-022-00222-x
Longe, E. O., & Balogun, M. R. (2010). Groundwater quality assessment near a municipal landfill, Lagos, Nigeria. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2, 39–44.
Memon, Y. I., Qureshi, S. S., Kandhar, I. A., Qureshi, N. A., Saeed, S., Mubarak, N. M., Ullah Khan, S., & Saleh, T. A. (2023). Statistical analysis and physicochemical characteristics of groundwater quality parameters: A case study. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 103, 2270–2291.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2021.1890064
Mor, S., Ravindra, K., Dahiya, R. P., & Chandra, A. (2006). Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater pollution near a municipal solid waste landfill site. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 118, 435–456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-006-1505-7
Murtaza, S., Riaz, O., & Riaz, S. (2020). Impact of solid waste dumping site on environment and public health in Sargodha City. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 9, 20–29. http://www.european-science.com
Nizami, A. S., Rehan, M., Ouda, O. K. M., Shahzad, K., Sadef, Y., Iqbal, T., & Ismail, I. M. I. (2015). An argument for developing waste-to-energy technologies in Saudi Arabia. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 45, 337–342. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1545057
Pandit, M. K., & Kateja, A. (2023). Hydrochemistry and groundwater quality assessment around solid waste landfill sites in peri-urban Jaipur, NW India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11128-6
Patil, C., Narayanakar, S., & Virupakshi, A. (2013). Assessment of groundwater quality around solid waste landfill area – A case study. International Journal of Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2, 3131–3136.
Reza, R., Singh, G., & Jain, M. (2011). Application of heavy metal pollution index for groundwater quality assessment in Angul District of Orissa, India. International Journal of Research in Chemistry and Environment, 2, 118–122.
Riaz, O., Abbas, T., Nasar-u-Minallah, M., & Rehman, S. U. (2016). Assessment of ground water quality: A case study in Sargodha City, Pakistan. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310694454
Rice, E. W., Baird, R. B., & Eaton, A. D. (2017). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (23rd ed.). American Public Health Association. https://yabesh.ir/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Standard-Methods-23rd-Perv.pdf
Sarma Bora, M., Devi, U., Bharadwaj, N., Sharma, P., Kalita, S., Baruah, S., & Sarma, K. P. (2023). Pollution and health risk assessment of toxic metals in solid waste dumping site soil and its impact on groundwater: A case study. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 103(3), 612–632.
Subramani, T., & Elango, L. (2010). Groundwater contamination due to municipal solid waste disposal – A GIS-based study in Erode City. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, 1, 39–55.
Sugirtharan, M., & Rajendran, M. (2015). Ground water quality near municipal solid waste dumping site. Journal of Agricultural Science, 10.
Tope, A. I., Oladeji, F. O., & Jacob, O. A. (2024). Physico-chemical quality of groundwater in the vicinity of municipal solid waste dump sites in Osogbo, Southwestern, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research Studies, 4(1), 352–363.
Uddin, M. G., Nash, S., Rahman, A., & Olbert, A. I. (2023). Performance analysis of the water quality index model for predicting water state using machine learning techniques. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 169, 808–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2022.11.073
Wu, T. Y., Lim, S. L., Lim, P. N., & Shak, K. P. Y. (2014). Biotransformation of biodegradable solid wastes into organic fertilizers using composting or/and vermicomposting. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 39, 1579–1584. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET1439264
