Ideological Misrepresentation of Muslims in Bollywood Films: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Phantom

Abstract

The study examines the ideological representations of Muslims in the Bollywood film Phantom, employing Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of critical discourse analysis (CDA). The purpose of research is to explain how language and visual elements in film contribute to the representation of Muslims, often associating them with terrorism and extremism. Drawing on CDA, the study analyzes selected scenes from the film to identify patterns of prejudice, discrimination, and conceptual framing. Conclusions show that the film produces a significant story that reflects Muslims as violent, irrational, and inhuman. Through the CDA’s lens, it becomes clear that such representation not only shapes public perception but also strengthens the existing stereotypes. This research contributes to a broader understanding of how media play a crucial role in shaping ideological discourses.