Long term application of wastewater on trace elements accumulation in the soil and sugarcane
Keywords:
Wastewater; Sugarcane; Irrigation; Accumulation; Elements.Abstract
Wastewater is used as an alternate source of irrigation in densely populated areas all over the world. Unfortunately, untreated wastewater when used to irrigate the crops becomes a source of trace elements contamination to soils and crops and can cause severe health effect on animals and humans. The present study was designed to evaluate the long term application of wastewater on trace elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, and Zn) accumulation in soil and edible and non-edible parts of sugarcane. Samples of soil, sugarcane root, shoot and leaf irrigated with uncontaminated water (clean water) and untreated wastewater (industrial+municipal) were collected in triplicate and analyzed for total Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, and Zn content with ICP-MS and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The results of this study show that electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) of uncontaminated water were 490µS/cm and 245ppm and wastewater ranged from 790 to 3550 µS/cm and 396-1775ppm. The salinity of wastewater ranged from 0.2 to 0.8. Cadmium and Co was present at very low concentration in uncontaminated and wastewater. Chromium, Cu and Zn in wastewater ranged from 1.07-4.62, 0.19-10 and 0.078-0.197 mL per L. Chromium and Cu exceed the safe limit in wastewater. The concentration of such elements in wastewater remained in the safe limit for crops. Soils irrigated with wastewater was likely to exceed the safe limits of Cr and Cu once irrigated with wastewater. Sugarcane root shows no accumulation of any of the trace elements. Bio-concentration factor or plant concentration factor (BCF or PCF) of Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn was less than 1 in all soils irrigated with wastewater. Whereas BCF and PCF of Co was more than 1 in soil irrigated with uncontaminated water (soil A) and soil irrigated with wastewater (soil B).
References
Al Omron, A.O., El-Maghraby, S.E., Nadeem, M.E.A., A.M. El-Eter, H. Al-Mohani., 2008. Long term effect of irrigation with the treated sewage effluent on some soil properties of Al Hassa Governorate, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 11(1), 15-18.
Alloway, B.J., 1995. The origin of heavy metals in soils. 29-39. In: Alloway, B. J., Heavy Metals in Soils. (Eds.), Chapman and Hall, London.
Andresen, E., Kupper, H., 2013. Cadmium toxicity in plants. In: Sigel, A., Sigel, H., Sigel, K.O. (Eds.), Cadmium: From Toxicity to Essentiality. Metal Science in Life Sciences, 11. Springer, New York, 395-229-414.
Anjula, A., Sangeeta, L., 2011. A comparative analysis of trace metals in vegetables. Research of Environmental Toxicology, 5(2), 125-132.
Arora, M., BalaKiran., Shweta, R., Anchal. R., Barinder, Kaur.,Neeraj, M., 2008. Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chemistry, 111, 811-815.
Avery, B.W., Bascomb, C. L., 1974. Soil Survey Laboratory Methods. Soil Survey Technical Monograph No. 6, Harpenden. UK.
Berge, A. C. B., Dueger, E. L., Sischo, W. M., 2 0 0 6. Comparison of Salmonella enterica serovar distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns in waste water at municipal water treatment plants in two California cities. Applied Microbiology, 101 (6), 1309-1316.
Bincy, K. V., Dasog, G. S., Suhas, W., Sahrawat, K. L., Manjunatha, H., Patil, C. R., 2015. Impact of long term application of domestic sewage water on soil properties around Hubli city Karnataka, India. Agriculture Research, 4 (3), 272-276.
Bose, S., Bhattacharyya, A. K., 2008. Heavy metals accumulation in wheat plant grown in soil amended with industrial sludge. Chemosphere, 70, 1264-1272.
B r a r, S.K., Mausam, V., Tyagi, R. D., Surampalli, R.Y., 2010. Engineered nanoparticles in wastewater and wastewater sludge: Evidence and Impacts. Waste Management, 30 (3), 504-520.
Buckley, D.E., Cranston, R.E., 1971. Atomic absorption analyses of 18 elements from a single decomposition of aluminosilicate. Chemical Geology, 7, 273-284.
Campbell, C. R., Plank, C. O., 1998. Preparation of plant tissue for laboratory analysis. In: Kalra, Y. P., Handbook of reference methods for plant analysis, (Eds.), 37-49.
Boca Raton, Fl, CRC Press. Clesceri, L. S., Eaton, A. D., Greenberg, A. E., 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C.
Denis, W., John, R. W., Andy, C., Charles, J., Ashish. P., Ashvini, C., 2015. Impacts of Long-Term Irrigation of Domestic Treated Wastewater on Soil Biogeochemistry and Bacterial Community Structure. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 81 (20), 7143-7158.
Ebrahim, J. E.1., Salih, A. A., Salih., Asma, A., 2016. Effect of long-term irrigation using treated wastewater on heavy metal contents of soils grown to Medicago sativa in the Kingdom of Bahrain. International journal of Advance Agriculture Research. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 100, 53-60.
Galal, T. M., Shehata, H. S., 2013. Morphological variations, biomass and ion accumulation of the above ground shoots of Desmostachyabipinnata (L.) Stapf. Flora 208, 556-561.
Gupta, S., Nayek, S., Saha, R.N., Satpati, S., 2008. Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in macrophyte, agricultural soil and crop plants adjacent to discharge zone of sponge iron factory. Environmental Geology, 55, 731-739 (2008).
Huang, P.M., Gobran, G. R., 2005. Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements in the Rhizosphere, 1st Edition. Elsevier.
Jones, K.C., 1991. Contaminant trends in soil and crops. Environmental Pollution, 69, 311-325.
Kabata-Pendias, A., Pendias, H., 1989. Trace Elements in the Soil and Plants. CRC Press, BocaRaton.
Kabata-Pendias, A., Pendias, H., 1992. Trace element in soils and plants, 1st ed. Boca Raton, F1: CRC Press, 365.
Khan, Z. I., Bibi, Z., Ahmad, K., Ashraf, M., Akram, N. A., Arshad, F., 2013. Assessment of metal and metalloid accumulation in wastewater irrigated soil and uptake by pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) at Sargodha, Pakistan. Asian Chemistry, 25, 9712-9716.
Kibria, M.G., Islam. M., Alamgir, M., 2012. Influence of waste water irrigation on heavy metal accumulation in soil and plant. International Journal of Applied National Science, 1(1), 43-54.
Kisku, G.C., Barman, S.C., Bhargava, S.K., 2000. Contamination of soil and plants with potentially toxic elements irrigated with mixed industrial effluent and its impact on the environment. Water Air Soil Pollution, 120, 121-137.
Kushwaha, J. P., 2015. A review on sugar industry wastewater: sources, treatment technologies, and reuse. Desalination and Water Treatment, 53 (2), 309-318.
Leal, R.M.P., Herpin, U., Fonseca, A. F., Firme, L. P., Montes, C. R., Melfi, A. J., 2009. Sodicity and salinity in a Brazilian Oxisol cultivated with sugarcane irrigated with wastewater. Agriculture Water Management, 96, 307-316.
Li, Y., Chen, J., Cui, J., Zhao, X., Zhang, T., 2013. Nutrient resorption in Caraganamicrophylla along a chronosequence of plantations: implications for decertified land restoration in North China. Ecol. Eng, 53, 299-305.
Liu, W. H., Zhao, J. Z., Ouyang, Z. Y., Soderlund, L., Liu, G.H., 2005. Impacts of sewage irrigation on heavy metals distribution and contamination in Beijing, China. Environment International, 31, 805-812.
Lund, L.J., Betty, E. E., Page, A.L. Elliott, R. A. 1981. Occurrence of naturally high cadmium levels in soils and its accumulation by vegetation. Environmental Quality, 10, 551-556.
McGrath, S. P., Shen, Z. C., Zhao, F. J., 1997. Heavy metal uptake and chemical changes in the rhizosphere of Thlaspicaerulescens and Thalaspio chroleucum grown in contaminated soils. Plant and Soil, 188, 153-159.
McGrath, S. P., Smith, S., 1990. Chromium and nickel in heavy metals in soils. B.J. Alloway (ed.). Blackie, Glasgow, UK.
Mohammad, A. E., 1999. Environmental variations of trace elements concentrations in Egyptian sugarcane and soil samples (Edfu factories). Food Chemistry, 65(4),503-507.
Muchuweti, M., Birkett, J. W., Chinyanga, E., Zvauya, R., Scrimshaw, M. D., Lester, J. N., 2006. Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: Implications for human health. Agriculture Ecosystem Environment, 112, 41-48.
Noor-ul-Amin., Anwar, H., Sidra, A., Shumaila, B., 2013. Accumulation of heavy metals in edible parts of vegetables irrigated with waste water and their daily intake to adults and children, district Mardan, Pakistan. Food Chemistry, 136 (3-4), 1515-1523.
Page, A.L., Chang, A.C., Sposito, G., Mattigod, S., 1981. Trace elements in wastewater, their eff e c t s o n plant growth and composition and their behavior in soils, 182-222. In: Iskander, I.K. (Eds.), Modeling Wastewater Renovation, Land Treatment. New York: John Wiley &Sons.
Parkinson, J. A., Allen, S. E., 1975. A wet oxidation procedure suitable for the determination of nitrogen and mineral nutrients in biological material. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 6 (1), 1-11.
Pescod, M., 1992. Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture. Bulletin FAO 47 (125) (Rome).
Rahman, M. A., Mohammad, M. R., Suzie, M. R., Richard, P. L., Ravi Naidu. 2014. Heavy metals in Australian grown and imported rice and vegetables on salein Australia: Health hazard.
Rattan, R. K., Datta, S.P., Chhonkar, P.K., Suribabu, K., Singh. A. K., 2005. Long- term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater-a case study. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 109, 310-322.
Rehman, H., Haq, I., 2006. Diagnostic criteria of micronutrients for sweet orange. Soil and Environment, 25(2), 119-127.
Rehman, K., Ashraf, S., Rashid, U., Ibrahim, M., Hina, S., Iftikhar, T., Ramzan, S., 2013. Comparison of proximate and heavy metal contents of vegetables grown with fresh and wastewater. Pakistan Journal of Botany,45(2), 391-400.
Rizwan, S. T., Sana, C., Muhammad, I., 2013. Uptake of some toxic metals in spinach crop irrigated by Saggian drain water Lahore. Biologia (Pakistan), 59 (1), 183-189.
Saranga, D., Thamara N., Hemalika, T., Abeysundara, K., Sanath, R., Rohana, C., 2016. Trace elements in native and improved paddy rice from different climatic regions of Sri Lanka: implications for public health. Springer plus, 5(1), 1864.
Sherameti, I., Varma, A., 2010. Soil Heavy Metals. Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Shukla, O. P., Asha, A.J., Singh, S. K., Shoeb, K., Rai, U. N., 2011. Growth responses and metal accumulation capabilities of woody plants during the phytoremediation of tannery sludge. Waste Management, 31 (1), 115-123.
Siddiqui, S., Khattak, R. A., 2010. Trace elements fractionation in calcareous soils of Peshawar. Soil and Environment, 29(2), 148-158, 2010.
Soltanpour, P.N., 1985. Use of AB-DTPA soil test to evaluate elemental variability and toxicity. Communication Soil Science Plant Analysis, 16, 323-338.
Srivastava, S., Radha, J., 2010. Effect of distillery spent wash on cytomorphological behavior of sugarcane settlings. Environmental Biology, 31, 809-812.
WHO., 2007. Guideline for drinking water quality.2nd edition,1-234.
Yadev, S. K., 2010. Heavy metals toxicity in plants: An overview on the role of glutathione and phytochelatins in heavy metal stress tolerance of plants. South African Journal of Botany, 76(2), 167-179.
