سترہویں صدی عیسوی کی اُردو غزل میں تصورِ انسان

Abstract

Language and literature are considered as an intellectual pulse of a region. In the reflection of this mirror, one can understand the culture and intellect of an era, region, or nation, and can identify the flux of its social psychology and values. Urdu language and literature are flag bearers of thoughts and values of the Indo-Islamic culture in the subcontinent. It not only reflects Indian and Islamic philosophy and religion but also Persian, Turk, and Greek perspectives. Although initial remnants of Urdu Ghazal could be found in the writings of Amir Khusraoo, it received a proper form in the seventeenth century AD. When in a specific environment of the governmental parentage, Urdu poetry and literature were developed and promoted in Dakkan. As compared to Masnawai, Ghazal of this era did not bear any capable mention of intellectual thoughts. Poets of this time have written very few Ghazals.  As these Ghazals are limited to expressions about and dialogue with the Women. Hence, these early Ghazal poets could be categorized as romantic poets. However, the only exception of this time is Wali Dakkani. Wali appears as a classic in this century. Serious and comprehensive thought about the value and dignity of a human, and his moral and intellectual position and standing could be found in Wali’s expression. Which is strongly influenced by the philosophy of Sufism. While his contemporaries’ expression about the concept of human spans only one or two couplets in their entire poetic collections. In the subsequent centuries, Urdu poetry has received a significant influence from Wali’s thoughts on this topic.